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Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Avian H9N2 Viruses in Southern China
10.1128/spectrum.00822-21
Wanwan Yan
Hongrui Cui
Marc Engelsma
Nancy Beerens
Monique M. van Oers
Mart C. M. de Jong
Xuesong Li
Qinfang Liu
Jianmei Yang
Qiaoyang Teng
Zejun Li
Research Article
Research Article
phylogenic analysis
antigenic change
LPAI
H9N2
American Society for Microbiology
Yan et al.
Copyright 漏 2022 Yan et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
20220112
2022
ABSTRACT
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry globally; however due to its low pathogenicity, it is not under primary surveillance and control in many countries. Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIV isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. We detected an increasing annual isolation rate of H9N2 AIV. Phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin (HA) genes suggests that isolated strains were rooted in BJ94 lineage but have evolved into new subgroups (II and III), which derived from subgroup I. The estimated substitution rate of the subgroup III strains was 6.23鈥壝椻10鈭3 substitutions/site/year, which was 1.5-fold faster than that of the average H9N2 HA rate (3.95鈥壝椻10鈭3 substitutions/site/year). Based on the antigenic distances, subgroup II and III strains resulted in two clear antigenic clusters 2 and 3, separated from the vaccine strain F98, cluster 1. New antigenic properties of subgroup III viruses were associated with 11 amino acid changes in the HA protein, suggesting antigenic drift in H9N2 viruses. Our phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H9N2 strains circulating in local markets in Southern China provide new insights on the antigenic diversification of H9N2 viruses.
IMPORTANCE The H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus has become endemic in poultry globally. In several Asian countries, vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) was approved to reduce economic losses in the poultry industry. However, surveillance programs initiated after the introduction of vaccination identified the persistence of H9N2 AIV in poultry (especially in chicken in South Korea and China). Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. Surveillance of H9N2 circulating in poultry in the fields or markets was essential to update the vaccination strategies. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIVs isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. The discovery of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene that result in antigenic changes provides a baseline reference for evolutionary studies of H9N2 viruses and vaccination strategies in poultry.
20210712
20211117
2165-0497
Adobe LiveCycle PDF Generator; modified using iText庐 5.5.13.2 漏2000-2020 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)2022-04-18T07:33:08-07:00
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