Introduction

Phylum Negarnaviricota was established in 2019 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for negative-sense RNA viruses that can be connected evolutionarily through their encoded RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) core domains. The phylum includes two subphyla, Haploviricotina and Polyploviricotina, for negative-sense RNA viruses that encode large (L) proteins with or without mRNA capping activity, respectively. The two subphyla include four classes (Chunqiuviricetes, Milneviricetes, Monjiviricetes, and Yunchangviricetes) and two classes (Ellioviricetes and Insthoviricetes), respectively [56, 109, 136]. The vast majority of viruses that have been assigned to phylum Negarnaviricota belong to two orders: Mononegavirales (established in 1991 [92] and amended/emended in 1995 [16], 1997 [93], 2000 [94], 2005 [95], 2011 [32], 2016 [2], 2017 [7], March 2018 [8], October 2018 [66], and 2019 [9]) and Bunyavirales (established in 2017 and amended/emended in 2018 [64, 65] and 2019 [1]).

Here we present the changes that were proposed to the entire phylum Negarnaviricota via official ICTV taxonomic proposals (TaxoProps) in 2019 and that were accepted by the ICTV in March 2020 [128]. These changes are now part of the official ICTV taxonomy.

Taxonomic changes above the phylum rank

Until recently, Negarnaviricota, included in realm Riboviria (established in 2019 [127]), was the only established phylum in the ICTV framework. In 2020, virus taxonomy was amended to include Negarnaviricota in the new riboviriad kingdom Orthornavirae as one of five sister phyla [55] (TaxoProp 2019.006G.A.v1.Riboviria).

Taxonomic changes at the subphylum rank

No new subphyla were created.

Taxonomic changes at the class rank

No new classes were created.

Taxonomic changes at the order rank

No new orders were created.

Taxonomic changes within order Goujianvirales (Haploviricotina: Yunchangviricetes)

No changes were made.

Taxonomic changes within order Jingchuvirales (Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes)

Family Chuviridae

One new species, Taiyuan mivirus, was added to genus Mivirus for Tàiyuán leafhopper virus (TYLeV) first discovered by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) in a leafhopper (Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom, 1850)) sampled in Tàiyuán (太原), Shānxī Province (山西省), China [129] (TaxoProp 2019.018M.A.v2.1newsp_Taiyuan_mivirus).

Taxonomic changes within order Mononegavirales (Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes)

Family Artoviridae

The family was expanded by one new genus, Hexartovirus, including one new species, Caligid hexartovirus, for Lepeophtheirus salmonis negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (LsNSRV-1) first discovered by HTS in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)) sampled on the west coast of Norway [81]. Species Barnacle peropuvirus was moved from genus Peropuvirus into genus Hexartovirus and renamed Barnacle hexartovirus (TaxoProp 2019.021M.A.v1.1newgenus_Hexartovirus).

Family Bornaviridae

No changes were made.

Family Filoviridae

The family was expanded by one genus, Dianlovirus, including a single new species, Mengla dianlovirus, for Měnglà virus (MLAV) discovered by HTS in a Rousettus sp. bat sampled in Měnglà County (勐腊县), Yúnnán Province (云南省), China [145, 146] (TaxoProp 2019.011M.A.v1.Mengla_dianlovirus).

One new species, Bombali ebolavirus, was created in genus Ebolavirus, for Bombali virus (BOMV) first discovered by consensus PCR and confirmed by HTS in little free-tailed bats (Chaerephon pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1830–1831)) and Angolan free-tailed bats (Mops condylurus (A. Smith, 1833)) sampled in Bombali District, Northern Province, Sierra Leone [37] (TaxoProp 2019.007M.A.v2.Bombali_ebolavirus).

Family Lispiviridae

No changes were made.

Family Mymonaviridae

A new genus, Hubramonavirus, was established for two new species: Hubei hubramonavirus for Húběi rhabdo-like virus 4 (HbRLV-4) discovered by HTS in an arthropod mix collected in Húběi Province (湖北省), China [106] and Lentinula hubramonavirus for Lentinula edodes negative-strand RNA virus 1 (LeNSRV-1) first detected by HTS in commercial shiitakes (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (1976)) sampled in Japan [60] (TaxoProp 2019.001F.A.v1.Hubramonavirus_1gen).

Family Nyamiviridae

No changes were made.

Family Paramyxoviridae

The overlooked deletion of species Bat mumps orthorubulavirus and the overlooked renaming of species Synodus paramyxovirus to Synodus synodonvirus were corrected (TaxoProp 2019.016M.A.v1.Corrections).

The family was expanded by three new genera: genus Cynoglossusvirus for the already established species Cynoglossus paramyxovirus (now renamed Cynoglossus cynoglossusvirus); genus Hoplichthysvirus for the already established species Hoplichthys paramyxovirus (now renamed Hoplichthys hoplichthysvirus); and genus Scoliodonvirus for the already established species Scoliodon paramyxovirus (now renamed Scoliodon scoliodonvirus) (TaxoProp 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Aquaparamyxovirus was expanded by one species, Oncorhynchus aquaparamyxovirus, for Pacific salmon paramyxovirus (PSPV) first isolated from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)) in Oregon, USA [135]. Species Salmon aquaparamyxovirus was renamed Salmo aquaparamyxovirus (TaxoProp 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Jeilongvirus was expanded by one species, Miniopteran jeilongvirus, for “bat paramyxovirus isolate Bat-ParaV/B16-40” (here renamed Shaan virus [ShaV]) first isolated from a Schreibers’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)) feces sampled in Danyang County (단양군), North Chungcheong Province (충청북도), South Korea [79] (TaxoProp 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Orthoavulavirus was expanded erroneously by two species, Avian orthoavulavirus 21 and Avian orthovulavirus 21 [sic], for the same virus, “avian paramyxovirus 17” (here renamed avian paramyxovirus 21 [APMV-21]) first isolated from bird feces collected in Seosan (서산시), South Chungcheong Province (충청남도), South Korea [48] (TaxoProps 2019.014M.A.v1.Avulavirus_1newsp and 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Orthorubulavirus was expanded by one species, Mammalian orthorubulavirus 6, for Alston virus (AlsV) first isolated from pteropodid bat urine sampled in Alstonville, New South Wales, Australia [49] (TaxoProp 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Pararubulavirus was expanded by one species, Hervey pararubulavirus, for Hervey virus (HerV) first isolated from pteropodid bat urine sampled in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia [11, 53]. (TaxoProp 2019.025M.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_3gen5sp4rensp).

Genus Respirovirus was expanded by one species, Squirrel respirovirus, for giant squirrel virus (GSqV) first isolated from a Sri Lankan giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769)) sampled in a German zoo [35] (TaxoProp 2019.019M.A.v2.1newsp_Squirrel_respirovirus).

Family Rhabdoviridae

Genus Almendravirus was expanded by one species, Menghai almendravirus, for Menghai rhabdovirus (MRV) first isolated from Asian tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894)) collected in Měnghǎi County (勐海县) in Yúnnán Province (云南省), China [113] (TaxoProp 2019.033M.N.v1.Menghai_almendravirus_1sp).

Genus Nucleorhabdovirus was split into three genera, Alphanucleorhabdovirus, Betanucleorhabdovirus, and Gammanucleorhabdovirus (TaxoProp 2019.031M.Ac.v1.Nucleorhabdovirus_splitgen). Established species Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Maize Iranian mosaic nucleorhabdovirus, Maize mosaic nucleorhabdovirus, Potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Rice yellow stunt nucleorhabdovirus, and Taro vein chlorosis nucleorhabdovirus were assigned to genus Alphanucleorhabdovirus and renamed Eggplant mottled dwarf alphanucleorhabdovirus, Maize Iranian mosaic alphanucleorhabdovirus, Maize mosaic alphanucleorhabdovirus, Potato yellow dwarf alphanucleorhabdovirus, Rice yellow stunt alphanucleorhabdovirus, and Taro vein chlorosis alphanucleorhabdovirus, respectively. Established species Datura yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus, Sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus, and Sowthistle yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus were assigned to genus Betanucleorhabdovirus and renamed Datura yellow vein betanucleorhabdovirus, Sonchus yellow net betanucleorhabdovirus, and Sowthistle yellow vein betanucleorhabdovirus, respectively. Established species Maize fine streak nucleorhabdovirus was assigned to genus Gammanucleorhabdovirus and renamed Maize fine streak gammanucleorhabdovirus (TaxoProp 2019.031M.Ac.v1.Nucleorhabdovirus_splitgen).

Three new species were established in genus Alphanucleorhabdovirus:

  • Morogoro maize-associated alphanucleorhabdovirus for Morogoro maize-associated virus (MMaV) first detected by HTS in maize (Zea mays L.) sampled in Morogoro, Morogoro Region, Tanzania [97];

  • Physostegia chlorotic mottle alphanucleorhabdovirus for Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus (PhCMoV) first isolated from lionhearts (Physostegia sp.) in Austria [76]; and

  • Wheat yellow striate alphanucleorhabdovirus for wheat yellow striate virus (WYSV) first isolated from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sampled in Hánchéng (韩城), Shǎnxī/Shaanxi Province (陕西省), China [61] (TaxoProp 2019.031M.Ac.v1.Nucleorhabdovirus_splitgen).

Three new species were established in genus Betanucleorhabdovirus:

  • Alfalfa betanucleorhabdovirus for alfalfa-associated nucleorhabdovirus (AaNV) first discovered by HTS in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sampled in Stadl-Paura, Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), Austria [36];

  • Blackcurrant betanucleorhabdovirus for blackcurrant-associated rhabdovirus (BCaRV) first discovered by HTS in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) sampled in Russia [138]; and

  • Trefoil betanucleorhabdovirus for birds-foot trefoil-associated virus (BFTV) first discovered by HTS in Bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) sampled in the Qínlǐng Mountains (秦岭山), Shǎnxī/Shaanxi Province (陕西省), China [26, 131] (TaxoProp 2019.031M.Ac.v1.Nucleorhabdovirus_splitgen).

One new genus, Arurhavirus, was established to include four species:

  • Aruac arurhavirus for Aruac virus (ARUV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Trichoprosopon theobaldi Lane and Cerqueira, 1942) collected in Melaju Forest, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago [110, 126];

  • Inhangapi arurhavirus for Inhangapi virus (INHV) first isolated from sandflies (Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942)) collected in Catu Forest, Belém, Pará State, Brazil [3, 126];

  • Santabarbara arurhavirus for Santa Barbara virus (SBAV) first in mice sampled in Santa Bárbara do Pará, Pará State, Brazil [unpublished]; and

  • Xiburema arurhavirus for Xiburema virus (XIBV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Sabethes intermedius (Lutz, 1904)) sampled in Sena Madureira, Acre State, Brazil [51, 132] (2019.006M.A.v1.Arurhavirus_1gen4sp).

One new genus, Barhavirus, was established to include two new species:

  • Bahia barhavirus for Bahia Grande virus (BGV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, Psorophora spp.) collected in Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, and North Dakota, USA [52, 126] and also for Harlingen virus (HARV) isolated from salt marsh mosquitoes (Culex salinarius Coquillett, 1904) sampled in Harlingen, Texas, USA [126].

  • Muir barhavirus for Muir Springs virus (MSV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Aedes sp.) collected in Fort Morgan, Colorado, USA [52, 126] (TaxoProp 2019.012M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_5gen8sp1reasp).

One new genus, Lostrhavirus, was established to include new species Lonestar zarhavirus [sic] for lone star tick rhabdovirus (LSTRV) first detected by HTS in lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected in the USA [unpublished] (TaxoProp 2019.012M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_5gen8sp1reasp).

One new genus, Mousrhavirus, was established to include the previously established species Moussa virus (now renamed Moussa mousrhavirus) (TaxoProp 2019.012M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_5gen8sp1reasp).

One new genus, Ohlsrhavirus, was established to include five new species:

  • Culex ohlsrhavirus for Culex rhabdo-like virus (CRLV) first discovered by HTS in southern house mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823) collected near Perth, Western Australia, Australia [107];

  • Northcreek ohlsrhavirus for North Creek virus (NORCV) first discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (Culex sitiens Wiedemann, 1828) collected in Ballina, New South Wales, Australia [23];

  • Ohlsdorf ohlsrhavirus for Ohlsdorf virus (OHLDV) first discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus cantans (Meigen, 1818)) collected in Hamburg, Germany [105];

  • Riverside ohlsrhavirus for riverside virus (RISV) first discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus sp.) collected in Gemenc, Gyékényes, and Drávaszabolcs, Hungary [98]; and

  • Tongilchon ohlsrhavirus for Tongilchon virus 1 (TCHV-1) first detected in mosquitoes (Culex bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901) collected in Tongil-chon (통일촌), Gyeonggi Province (경기도), South Korea [39] (TaxoProp 2019.032M.N.v1.Ohlsrhavirus_1gen5sp).

One new genus, Sawgrhavirus, was established to include four new species:

  • Connecticut sawgrhavirus for Connecticut virus (CNTV) first isolated from ticks (Ixodes dentatus Marx, 1899) taken from an eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen, 1890)) captured in Lyme, Connecticut, USA [67, 126];

  • Island sawgrhavirus for Long Island tick rhabdovirus (LITRV) first detected by HTS in lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected on Long Island, New York, USA [119];

  • Minto sawgrhavirus for New Minto virus (NMV) first isolated from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris Packard, 1869) sampled in New Minto, Alaska, USA [99, 126]; and

  • Sawgrass sawgrhavirus for Sawgrass virus (SAWV) isolated from American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821)) sampled at Sawgrass Lake, Tampa Bay, Florida, USA [102, 126] (TaxoProp 2019.012M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_5gen8sp1reasp).

One new genus, Sunrhavirus, was established to accommodate six novel species:

  • Garba sunrhavirus for Garba virus (GARV) first isolated from a malachite kingfisher (Corythornis cristatus (Pallas, 1764)) trapped in Bangui, Central African Republic [51, 126];

  • Harrison sunrhavirus for Harrison Dam virus (HARDV) first isolated from common banded mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris Skuse, 1889) collected at Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory, Australia [71];

  • Kwatta sunrhavirus for Kwatta virus (KWAV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Culex sp.) collected near Paramaribo, Suriname [25, 126];

  • Oakvale sunrhavirus for Oak Vale virus (OVV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Culex edwardsi Barraud, 1923) sampled in Peachester, Queensland, Australia [77, 96];

  • Sunguru sunrhavirus for Sunguru virus (SUNV) first isolated from a domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Arua District, Northern Region, Uganda [58]; and

  • Walkabout sunrhavirus for Walkabout Creek virus (WACV) first isolated from biting midges (Culicoides austropalpalis Lee and Reye, 1955) collected near Samford, Queensland, Australia [71] (2019.004M.A.v2.Sunrhavirus).

One new genus, Zarhavirus, was created for one new species, Zahedan zarhavirus, for Zahedan rhabdovirus (ZARV) first isolated from ticks (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Koch, 1844)) collected in Zâhedân , Sistan and Baluchestan Province , Iran [28] (TaxoProp 2019.012M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_5gen8sp1reasp).

One new species, Taiwan bat lyssavirus, was added to genus Lyssavirus for Taiwan bat lyssavirus (TWBLV) first isolated from a Japanese pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck, 1838)) sampled in Taiwan [45] (TaxoProp 2019.001M.A.v1.Lyssavirus).

Genus Cytorhabdovirus was expanded by 12 species:

  • Cabbage cytorhabdovirus for cabbage cytorhabdovirus 1 (CCyV-1) first discovered by HTS in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) sampled in the UK [89];

  • Maize-associated cytorhabdovirus for maize-associated cytorhabdovirus (MaCV) first discovered by HTS in maize (Zea mays L.) collected in Lima, Peru [133];

  • Maize yellow striate cytorhabdovirus for maize yellow striate virus (MYSV) first discovered by HTS in maize (Zea mays L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Sinsacate, Córdoba Province, Argentina [70];

  • Papaya cytorhabdovirus for papaya virus E (PpVE) first discovered by HTS in papaya (Carica papaya L.) sampled in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador [73];

  • Persimmon cytorhabdovirus for persimmon virus A (PeVA) first discovered by HTS in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) sampled in Japan [47];

  • Raspberry vein chlorosis cytorhabdovirus for raspberry vein chlorosis virus (RVCV) first discovered by HTS in red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) sampled in Dundee, Scotland, UK [50];

  • Rice stripe mosaic cytorhabdovirus for rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) first discovered by HTS in rice (Oryza sativa L.) sampled in Luódìng (罗定), Guǎngdōng Province (广东省), China [147];

  • Tomato yellow mottle-associated cytorhabdovirus for tomato yellow mottle-associated virus (TYMaV) first discovered by HTS in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) sampled in Chóngqìng (重庆), China [141];

  • Wuhan 4 insect cytorhabdovirus for Wuhan insect virus 4 (WuIV-4) first discovered by HTS in mealy plum aphids (Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762)) sampled in Wǔhàn (武汉), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [59];

  • Wuhan 5 insect cytorhabdovirus for Wuhan insect virus 5 (WuIV-5) first discovered by HTS in mealy plum aphids (Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762)) sampled in Wǔhàn (武汉), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [59];

  • Wuhan 6 insect cytorhabdovirus for Wuhan insect virus 6 (WuIV-6) first discovered by HTS in mealy plum aphids (Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762)) sampled in Wǔhàn (武汉), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [59]; and

  • Yerba mate chlorosis-associated cytorhabdovirus for yerba mate chlorosis-associated virus (YmCaV) [12] first discovered by HTS in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) sampled in Cerro Azul, Misiones Province, Argentina (TaxoProps 2019.002M.A.v3.Cytorhabdovirus and 2019.030M.A.v1.Cytorhabovirus_12newsp).

One new species, Holmes hapavirus, was added to genus Hapavirus for Holmes Jungle virus (HOJV) first isolated from common banded mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris Skuse, 1889) collected near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [38] (2019.003M.A.v3.Hapavirus).

Three new species were added to genus Sripuvirus:

  • Charleville sripuvirus for Charleville virus (CHVV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus sp.) collected in Charleville, Queensland, Australia [29, 123];

  • Cuiaba sripuvirus for Cuiaba virus (CUIV) isolated from a cane toad (Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)) captured in Pará State, Brazil [51, 123]; and

  • Hainan sripuvirus for Hainan black-spectacled toad rhabdovirus (HnBSTRV) first detected by HTS in an Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)) sampled in Hǎinán Province (海南省), China [108] (TaxoProp 2019.013M.A.v1.Sripuvirus_3newsp).

Taxonomic changes within order Muvirales (Haploviricotina: Chunqiuviricetes)

No changes were made.

Taxonomic changes within order Serpentovirales (Haploviricotina: Milneviricetes)

No changes were made.

Taxonomic changes within order Articulavirales (Polyploviricotina: Insthoviricetes)

No changes were made.

Taxonomic changes within order Bunyavirales (Polyploviricotina: Ellioviricetes)

Family Arenaviridae

Genus Hartmanivirus was expanded by three species: Muikkunen hartmanivirus for Dante Muikkunen virus 1 (DaMV-1), Schoolhouse hartmanivirus for old schoolhouse viruses 1 and 2 (OScV-1/2), and Zurich hartmanivirus for veterinary pathology Zurich viruses 1 and 2 (VPZV-1/2), all first detected by HTS in captive boid snakes [44] (TaxoProp 2019.008M.A.v2.Hartmanivirus_3new sp).

Genus Mammarenavirus was expanded by four species:

  • Alxa mammarenavirus for RtDs-AreV/IM2014 virus (here renamed Alxa virus [ALXV]) (TaxoProp 2019.020M.A.v2.1newsp_Alxa_mammarenavirus) first discovered by HTS in a Northern three-toed jerboa (Dipus sagitta (Pallas, 1773)) sampled in Alxa Left Banner (阿拉善左旗), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区), China [139, 140];

  • Chevrier mammarenavirus for Lìjiāng virus (LIJV) first discovered by HTS in a Chevrier’s field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri (Milne-Edwards, 1868)) sampled around Lìjiāng (丽江), Yúnnán Province (云南省), China [unpublished] (TaxoProp 2019.009M.A.v2.Mammarenavirus_sp_LIJV);

  • Planalto mammarenavirus for Aporé virus (APOV) first discovered by HTS in a Mato Grosso colilargo (Oligoryzomys mattogrossae (J. A. Allen, 1916)) sampled in Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil (TaxoProp 2019.010M.A.v1.Mammarenavirus_sp_APOV) [34]; and

  • Xapuri mammarenavirus for Xapuri virus (XAPV) first discovered by HTS in a Musser’s neacomys (Neacomys musseri Patton, da Silva, and Malcolm, 2000) sampled in Xapuri, Acre State, Brazil [33] (TaxoProp 2019.005M.A.v1.Mammarenavirus_sp_XAPV).

Family Fimoviridae

Genus Emaravirus was expanded by two species: Blackberry leaf mottle associated emaravirus for blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus (BLMaV) first discovered in blackberries (Rubus spp.) collected in various US states (TaxoProp 2019.010P.A.v1.Emaravirus_1sp) [41] and Pistacia emaravirus B for pistacia virus B (PiVB) discovered by HTS in pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) sampled in Turkey [18] (TaxoProp 2019.011P.A.v1.Emaravirus_1sp).

Family Hantaviridae

Genus Loanvirus was expanded by one species, Brno loanvirus, for Brno virus (BRNV) first discovered by HTS in a noctule (Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774)) sampled in Brno, South Moravia Region (Jihomoravský kraj), Czech Republic [112] (TaxoProp 2019.017M.A.v3.1newsp_Brno_virus).

Family Peribunyaviridae

Genus Pacuvirus was expanded by two species: new species Caimito pacuvirus for Caimito virus (CAIV) first isolated from sandflies (Nyssomyia ylephiletor (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952)) sampled in El Aguacate, Panamá Province, Panama [46, 116] (TaxoProp 2019.022M.A.v2.2sp_Pacuvirus) and Chilibre pacuvirus (the former Chilibre phlebovirus, renamed and moved from genus Phlebovirus) (TaxoProps 2019.022M.A.v2.2sp_Pacuvirus and 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Family Phasmaviridae

The previously established genus Inshuvirus and its included species Insect inshuvirus were both abolished due to insufficient member virus information (TaxoProp 2019.028M.A.v2.Phasmaviridae_1newsp_abol1gen3sp).

New species Anopheles orthophasmavirus was included in genus Orthophasmavirus for Anopheles triannulatus orthophasmavirus (AtOPV) first discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (Anopheles triannulatus (Neiva and Pinto, 1922)) sampled in Santa Bárbara Farm, Amapá State, Brazil [103]. Two species, Nome phantom orthophasmavirus and Seattle orthophasmavirus, were abolished (TaxoProp 2019.028M.A.v2.Phasmaviridae_1newsp_abol1gen3sp).

Family Phenuiviridae

The previously unassigned genus Coguvirus was included in family Phenuiviridae (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp). One new species, Coguvirus eburi, was created in the genus for citrus virus A (CiVA) first discovered by HTS in a sweet orange tree in Italy [78] (2019.004P.A.v1.Coguvirus_1sp).

Genus Banyangvirus and included species Huaiyangshan banyangvirus, Guertu banyangvirus, and Heartland banyangvirus were renamed Bandavirus, Dabie bandavirus, Guertu bandavirus, and Heartland bandavirus, respectively (TaxoProps 2019.015M.A.v1.Bandavirus and 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp). Four new bandavirus species were added to the genus:

  • Bhanja bandavirus for Bhanja virus (BHAV) first isolated from flat-inner-spurred haemaphysalids (Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton and Nuttall, 1909) sampled in Orissa State, India [27, 104];

  • Hunter Island bandavirus for Hunter Island virus (HUIV) first isolated from ticks (Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885) sampled on Albatross Island, Tasmania, Australia [130];

  • Kismaayo bandavirus for Kismaayo virus (KISV; name corrected from the previously circulating “Kismayo virus” and “Kisemayo virus”) first isolated from yellow back ticks (Rhipicephalus pulchellus (Gerstäcker, 1873)) sampled in Kismaayo, Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose) Region, Somalia [149]; and

  • Lone Star bandavirus [sic] for lone star virus (LSV) first isolated from lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Kentucky, USA [54, 114] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Genus Entovirus was created for one new species, Entoleuca entovirus, for Entoleuca phenui-like virus 1 (EnPLV-1) first discovered by HTS in Entoleuca sp. fungi sampled in Málaga Province, Spain [124] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Genus Kabutovirus and included species Kabuto mountain kabutovirus and Huangpi kabutovirus were renamed Uukuvirus, Kabuto mountain uukuvirus, and Huangpi uukuvirus, respectively. The established species Uukuniemi phlebovirus was moved into genus Uukuvirus and renamed Uukuniemi uukuvirus. 14 new species were established in genus Uukuvirus:

  • American dog uukuvirus for American dog tick virus (ADAV) first detected by HTS in American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821)) sampled in Heckscher State Park, New York, USA [120];

  • Dabieshan uukuvirus for Dàbiéshān tick virus (DbsTV) first discovered by HTS in Asian longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901) collected in the Dàbié Mountains (大別山), China [59];

  • Grand Arbaud uukuvirus for Grand Arbaud virus (GAV) first isolated from ticks (Argas reflexus (Fabricius, 1794)) sampled in Bouches-du-Rhône Department, France [40, 85];

  • Kaisodi uukuvirus for Kaisodi virus (KASDV) first isolated from hard-bodied ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera Neumann, 1897) sampled in Mysore State, India [14, 88, 144];

  • Lihan uukuvirus for Lǐhán tick virus (LITV) first discovered by HTS in Asian blue ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888)) sampled in Lǐhán (李韩), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [59];

  • Murre uukuvirus for murre virus (MURV) first isolated from common murres (Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763)) sampled in Alaska, USA [85];

  • Pacific coast uukuvirus for Pacific coast tick virus (PACTV) first discovered by HTS in Pacific coast ticks (Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, 1892) sampled in Mendocino County, California, USA [17];

  • Precarious Point uukuvirus for Precarious Point virus (PPV) first isolated from seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae White, 1852) sampled on Macquarie Island, Tasmania, Australia [85, 111];

  • Rukutama uukuvirus for Rukutama virus (RUKV) first isolated from seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae White, 1852) sampled on Tûlenij/Tyuleny Island (Ocтpoв Tюлeний), Sakhalin Oblast (Caxaлинcкaя oблacть), Russia [63, 150];

  • Schmidt uukuvirus for EgAn 1825-61 virus (here renamed Nile warbler virus [NIWV]) first isolated from a willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Nile Delta, Egypt [85];

  • Silverwater uukuvirus for Silverwater virus (SILV) first isolated from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris Packard, 1869) sampled near Powassan, Ontario, Canada [69, 72];

  • Tacheng uukuvirus for Tǎchéng tick virus 2 (TcTV-2) first discovered by HTS in ticks (Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, 1776) sampled in China [59];

  • Yongjia uukuvirus for Yǒngjiā tick virus 1 (YjTV-1) first discovered by HTS in East Asian mountain haemaphysalids (Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897) in China [59]; and

  • Zaliv Terpeniya uukuvirus for Zaliv Terpeniya virus (ZTV) first isolated from seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae White, 1852) sampled on Tyuleny Island (Tюлeний ocтpoв) in the Gulf of Patience (Зaлив Tepпeния), Sakhalin Oblast (Caxaлинcкaя oблacть) and Commander Islands (Кoмaндopcкиe ocтpoвa), Kamchatka Krai (Кaмчaтcкий кpaй), RSFSR, USSR [62, 151] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Genus Ixovirus was established for the three new species:

  • Blackleg ixovirus for blacklegged tick phlebovirus 1, here renamed blacklegged tick virus 1 (BLTV-1), first discovered by HTS in deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) sampled in Heckscher State Park, New York, USA [120];

  • Norway ixovirus for Norway phlebovirus 1, here renamed Fairhair virus (FHAV), first discovered by HTS in castor bean ticks (Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Norway [91]; and

  • Scapularis ixovirus for blacklegged tick phlebovirus 3, here renamed blacklegged tick virus 3 (BLTV-3), first discovered by HTS in deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) sampled in Heckscher State Park, New York, USA [120] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Genus Lentinuvirus was created for one new species, Lentinula lentinuvirus, for Lentinula edodes negative-strand RNA virus 2 (LeNSRV-2) first discovered by HTS in shiitakes (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (1976)) sampled in Japan [60] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

In genus Phlebovirus, established species Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus was renamed Naples phlebovirus. The genus was expanded by 53 new species (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp):

  • Adana phlebovirus for Adana virus (ADAV) first isolated from Phlebotomus spp. sandflies sampled in Adana, Adana Province (Adana ili), Turkey [4];

  • Aguacate phlebovirus for Aguacate virus (AGUV) first isolated from Lutzomyia spp. sandflies sampled in El Aguacate, Panamá Province, Panama [82, 116];

  • Alcube phlebovirus for Alcube virus (ACBV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911) sampled around Arrábida, Portugal [10];

  • Alenquer phlebovirus for Alenquer virus (ALEV) first isolated from a human in Ramal das Pias, Alenquer, Pará State, Brazil [83, 122];

  • Ambe phlebovirus for Ambe virus (ABEV) first isolated from psychodid sandflies sampled near Altamira, Pará State, Brazil [80, 118];

  • Anhanga phlebovirus for Anhangá virus (ANHV) first isolated from a Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Castanhal Forest, Pará State, Brazil [80];

  • Arumowot phlebovirus for Arumowot virus (AMTV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Culex antennatus (Becker, 1903)) sampled in Sudan [13, 84];

  • Buenaventura phlebovirus for Buenaventura virus (BUEV) first isolated in 1984 from Lutzomyia sp. sandflies sampled in Rio Raposo, Valle del Cauca Department, Colombia [87, 116];

  • Cacao phlebovirus for Cacao virus (CACV) first isolated from sandflies (Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952)) sampled in El Aguacate, Panamá Province, Panama [87, 116];

  • Campana phlebovirus for Campana virus (CMAV) first isolated from phlebotomine sandflies sampled in El Aguacate, Panamá Province, Panama [87];

  • Chagres phlebovirus for Chagres virus (CHGV) first isolated from a human sampled at Fort Sherman, Canal Zone/Cólon Province, Panama [90];

  • Cocle phlebovirus for Coclé virus (CCLV) first isolated from a human sampled in Penonomé, Coclé Province, Panama [87];

  • Dashli phlebovirus for Dāshlī virus (DASV) first isolated from Sergentomyia sp. sandflies sampled in Dāshlīborun , Golestān Province , Iran [6];

  • Durania phlebovirus for Durania virus (DRNV) first isolated from sandflies sampled in 1986 near Durania, North Santander Department, Colombia [82, 118];

  • Echarate phlebovirus for Echarate virus (ECHV) first isolated from a human sampled in Cusco, Peru [83];

  • Gabek phlebovirus for Gabek Forest virus (GFV) first isolated from a northeast African spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus (É. Geoffroy, 1803)) sampled in Gabek Forest, near Paloich, Sudan [86];

  • Gordil phlebovirus for Gordil virus (GORV) first isolated from a typical lemniscomys (Lemniscomys striatus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Gordil, Vakaga Prefecture, Central African Republic [86];

  • Icoaraci phlebovirus for Icoaraci virus (ICOV) first isolated from from an unidentified forest rat sampled in Belém, Pará State, Brazil [19, 142];

  • Itaituba phlebovirus for Itaituba virus (ITAV) first isolated from a common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758) trapped at the Tapacurazinho stream, Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil [83, 122];

  • Itaporanga phlebovirus for Itaporanga virus (ITPV) first isolated from a sentinel Swiss mouse collected in Itaporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil [46, 121];

  • Ixcanal phlebovirus for Ixcanal virus (IXCV) first isolated from Lutzomyia sp. sandflies sampled in Aldea Ixcanal and Aldea Puerta, El Progreso Departmesp. sandflies innt, Guatemala [82, 118];

  • Karimabad phlebovirus for Karimabad virus (KARV) first isolated from Phlebotomus sp. sandflies in Karīmābād , Khūzestān Province , Iran [86];

  • La Gloria phlebovirus for La Gloria virus (LAGV) first discovered by HTS in phlebotomine sandflies sampled near La Gloria village, Panama Canal area, central Panama [68];

  • Lara phlebovirus for GGP-2011a virus (here renamed Rio Claro virus [RICV]) first isolated from a sentinel hamster sampled in Venezuela [unpublished];

  • Leticia phlebovirus for Leticia virus (LETV) first isolated from sandflies sampled in Leticia, Amazonas Department, Colombia [87];

  • Maldonado phlebovirus for Maldonado virus (MLOV) first isolated from a human sampled in Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios Region, Peru [83];

  • Massilia phlebovirus for Massilia virus (MASV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911) sampled in Marseille and Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France [20, 86];

  • Medjerda phlebovirus for Medjerda Valley virus (MVV) first isolated from phlebotomine sandflies sampled at an archaeological site in Bizerte Governorate, Tunisia [15];

  • Mona Grita phlebovirus for Mona Grita virus (MOGV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies (Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952)) sampled on Isla Mona Grita, Panama Canal, central Panama [68];

  • Munguba phlebovirus for Munguba virus (MUNV) first isolated from sandflies (Nyssomyia umbratilis (Ward and Fraiha, 1977)) sampled in Monte Dourado, Pará State, Brazil [80, 122];

  • Nique phlebovirus for Nique virus (NIQV) first isolated from sandflies (Lutzomyia panamensis (Shannon, 1926)) sampled in Cerro Nique, Darién Province, Panama [83, 117];

  • Ntepes phlebovirus for Ntepes virus (NTPV) first isolated from Sergentomyia sp. sandflies sampled near Ntepes village, Marigat District, Baringo County, Kenya [115];

  • Odrenisrou phlebovirus for Odrénisrou virus (ODRV) first isolated from mosquitoes (Culex albiventris Edwards, 1922) collected in the forest of Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire [84];

  • Oriximina phlebovirus for Oriximiná virus (ORXV) first isolated from Lutzomyia sp. sandflies sampled in Saracazinho, Pará State, Brazil [83, 122];

  • Pena Blanca phlebovirus for Peña Blanca virus (PEBV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies sampled on Peña Blanca peninsula, Panama Canal, central Panama [68];

  • Punique phlebovirus for Punique virus (PUNV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 and Phlebotomus longicuspis Nitzulescu, 1930) sampled in Tunis, Tunisia [86];

  • Rio Grande phlebovirus for Rio Grande virus (RGV) first isolated from a Southern Plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus Baird, 1855) sampled in Texas, USA [46];

  • Saint Floris phlebovirus for Saint-Floris virus (SAFV) first isolated from a gerbil sampled in Gordil, Vakaga Prefecture, Central African Republic [86];

  • Salanga phlebovirus for Salanga virus (SLGV) first isolated from a Hinde’s aethomys (Aethomys hindei (Thomas, 1902)) collected in Salanga, Ombella-M’Poko Prefecture, Central African Republic [51, 148];

  • Salobo phlabovirus [sic] for Salobo virus (SLBOV) first isolated from a Guyenne spiny-rat (Proechimys guyannensis (E. Geoffroy, 1803)) in Pará State, Brazil [142];

  • Sicilian phlebovirus for sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) first isolated from a human sampled in Palermo Province, Sicily Region, Italy [101, 137];

  • Tapara phlebovirus for Tapará virus (TPRV) first isolated from phlebotomine sandflies in Altamira, Pará State, Brazil [80];

  • Tehran phlebovirus for Tehran virus (THEV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786)) sampled in Tehran, Iran [86];

  • Tico phebovirus [sic] for Tico virus (TICV) discovered by HTS in sandflies sampled in Panama Canal area, central Panama [68];

  • Toros phlebovirus for Toros virus (TORV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies sampled in Damyeri, Adana Province (Adana ili), Turkey [5];

  • Toscana phlebovirus for Toscana virus (TOSV) first isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911) in Toscany, Italy [86, 125];

  • Tres Almendras phlebovirus for Tres Almendras virus (TRAV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies (Psychodopygus panamensis (Shannon, 1926)) sampled on Tres Almendras Islands, Panama Canal area, central Panama [68];

  • Turuna phlebovirus for Turuna virus (TUAV) first isolated from Lutzomyia sp. sandflies sampled in Cachoeira Porteira, Pará State, Brazil [83, 122];

  • Uriurana phlebovirus for Uriurana virus (URIV) first isolated from phlebotomine sandflies in Tucuruí, Pará State, Brazil [80];

  • Urucuri phlebovirus for Urucuri virus (URUV) first isolated from a Guyenne spiny-rat (Proechimys guyannensis (E. Geoffroy, 1803)) in Utinga Forest, Belém, Pará State, Brazil [80, 122];

  • Viola phlebovirus for viola virus (VIOV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912)) sampled in Pirizal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil [24]; and

  • Zerdali phlebovirus for Zerdali virus (ZERV) first discovered by HTS in sandflies sampled in Zerdali, Adana Province (Adana ili), Turkey [5].

Genus Rubodvirus was created for the two new species Apple rubodvirus 1 and 2 to accommodate apple rubbery wood viruses 1 and 2 (ARWV-1/2), respectively, first discovered using HTS in apple trees (Malus sp.) sampled in Germany and USA [100] (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

One new species, Melon tenuivirus, was added to genus Tenuivirus for melon chlorotic spot virus (MeCSV) first isolated from muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) sampled in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, France [57].

Genus Wubeivirus was abolished and its two species, Fly wubeivirus and Dipteran wubeivirus, were moved into genus Phasivirus and renamed Fly phasivirus and Dipteran phasivirus, respectively (TaxoProp 2019.026M.A.v1.Phenuiviridae_4gen79sp).

Family Tospoviridae

The overlooked adjustment of 12 tospovirid species names to correct non-Latinized binomials was implemented (TaxoProp 2019.016M.A.v1.Corrections).

Eight new species were created in genus Orthotospovirus:

  • Alstroemeria necrotic streak orthotospovirus for Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus (ANSV) first isolated from ornamental crops (Alstroemeria sp.) sampled in Colombia [42];

  • Alstroemeria yellow spot orthotospovirus for Alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV) first isolated from ornamental crops (Alstroemeria sp.) imported to and sampled in the Netherlands [43];

  • Groundnut chlorotic fan spot orthotospovirus for groundnut chlorotic fan-spot virus (GCFSV) first isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sampled in Taiwan [21];

  • Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot orthotospovirus for Hippeastrum chlorotic spot virus (HCRV) first isolated from amaryllis (Hippeastrum sp.) and spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.) sampled in southwestern China [31, 143];

  • Mulberry vein banding associated orthotospovirus for mulberry vein banding-associated virus (MVBaV) discovered first by HTS in mulberry (Morus alba L.) sampled in Guǎngxī Zhuàng Autonomous Region (广西壮族自治区), China in 2011 [74, 75];

  • Pepper chlorotic spot orthotospovirus for pepper chlorotic spot virus (PCSV) first isolated from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Taiwan [22];

  • Tomato yellow ring orthotospovirus for tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) first isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Iran [134]; and

  • Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus for tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV) first isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) sampled in Yúnnán Province (云南省), China [30] (TaxoProp 2019.006P.A.v1.Orthotospovirus_8sp).

SUMMARY

A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the phylum Negarnaviricota is presented in Table 1 (Goujianvirales), Table 2 (Jingchuvirales), Table 3 (Mononegavirales), Table 4 (Muvirales), Table 5 (Serpentovirales), Table 6 (Articulavirales), and Table 7 (Bunyavirales).

Table 1 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Goujianvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Yunchangviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 2 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Jingchuvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 3 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 4 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Muvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Chunqiuviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 5 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Serpentovirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Milneviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 6 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Articulavirales (Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Insthoviricetes) as of March 2020
Table 7 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales (Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Ellioviricetes) as of March 2020