Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks
Posted on 2019-06-28 - 05:00
Abstract Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is currently regarded as a single species. However, molecular studies indicate that it can be subdivided into ecotypes, each with distinct but overlapping transmission cycle. Here, we evaluate the interactions between and within clusters of haplotypes of the bacterium isolated from vertebrates and ticks, using phylogenetic and network-based methods. Methods The presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA was determined in ticks and vertebrate tissue samples. A fragment of the groEl gene was amplified and sequenced from qPCR-positive lysates. Additional groEl sequences from ticks and vertebrate reservoirs were obtained from GenBank and through literature searches, resulting in a dataset consisting of 1623 A. phagocytophilum field isolates. Phylogenetic analyses were used to infer clusters of haplotypes and to assess phylogenetic clustering of A. phagocytophilum in vertebrates or ticks. Network-based methods were used to resolve host-vector interactions and their relative importance in the segregating communities of haplotypes. Results Phylogenetic analyses resulted in 199 haplotypes within eight network-derived clusters, which were allocated to four ecotypes. The interactions of haplotypes between ticks, vertebrates and geographical origin, were visualized and quantified from networks. A high number of haplotypes were recorded in the tick Ixodes ricinus. Communities of A. phagocytophilum recorded from Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia, as well as those associated with rodents had no links with the larger set of isolates associated with I. ricinus, suggesting different evolutionary pressures. Rodents appeared to have a range of haplotypes associated with either Ixodes trianguliceps or Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi. Haplotypes found in rodents in Russia had low similarities with those recorded in rodents in other regions and shaped separate communities. Conclusions The groEl gene fragment of A. phagocytophilum provides information about spatial segregation and associations of haplotypes to particular vector-host interactions. Further research is needed to understand the circulation of this bacterium in the gap between Europe and Asia before the overview of the speciation features of this bacterium is complete. Environmental traits may also play a role in the evolution of A. phagocytophilum in ecotypes through yet unknown relationships.
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Jaarsma, Ryanne; Sprong, Hein; Takumi, Katsuhisa; Kazimirova, Maria; Silaghi, Cornelia; Mysterud, Atle; et al. (2019). Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks. figshare. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4560296.v1
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AUTHORS (19)
RJ
Ryanne Jaarsma
HS
Hein Sprong
KT
Katsuhisa Takumi
MK
Maria Kazimirova
CS
Cornelia Silaghi
AM
Atle Mysterud
IR
Ivo Rudolf
RB
Relja Beck
GF
Gábor Földvári
LT
Laura Tomassone
MG
Margit Groenevelt
RE
Reinard Everts
JR
Jolianne Rijks
FE
Frauke Ecke
BH
Birger Hörnfeldt
DM
David Modrý
KM
Karolina Majerová
JV
Jan Votýpka
AE
Agustín Estrada-Peña